urecop's profile
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Username | urecop |
Status | active |
Joined | Feb 17, 2023 |
Location | Шали |
Interests | умеренный экстрим, создание бумажных открыток |
Website | https://steamauthenticator.net/ |
Occupation | 237426911 |
Biography | One time password (otp), also known as a one-time pin, one-time authorization code (otac), or dynamic password, is a password that is valid only for a specific login session or transaction, steam authenticator on a computer system or other computer device. Otp avoid several disadvantages associated with traditional (static) authentication on a password platform; a number of implementations also include two-factor authentication, ensuring that the one-time password requires access to something that the worker has (for example, a small key fob equipped with an one-time password calculator, a smart card, or a particular smartphone), as well as how anything known to a human (like a pin code). Otp generation algorithms usually use pseudo-randomness or randomness to guarantee a common code or seed, and also cryptographic hash functions that are used to get value, however, they are difficult to reverse, and for this reason it is difficult for an attacker to find the data that was used for the hash. This is necessary because in other circumstances it would be easy to predict future otp's by observing previous ones. Otp has been discussed as a possible replacement as well as an improvement on traditional passwords. On the other hand, one-time passwords can be intercepted or redirected, and hardware tokens can be lost, corrupted or stolen. Many systems that use one-time passwords sell them insecurely, and attackers are sometimes able to learn the password through phishing attacks in order to impersonate an authorized user.[1] Features[edit] The most important advantage of one-time passwords is that, unlike static passwords, they are not vulnerable to replay attacks. And this means that a potential attacker who manages to write down a one-time password that has already been used to open a position or to conduct a transaction will not be able to use it, since it will become invalid.[1] our second advantage lies in the fact that a viewer using the same or similar login for a group of systems is not vulnerable to any taste of them if an attacker gets a login for a single one of them. A number of otp systems also aim to ensure that a session cannot be comfortably hijacked or impersonated without understanding the unpredictable data generated during the previous session, thereby further reducing the attack surface. There are also a variety of ways to report user about the next otp to install. Some systems use special electronic security tokens carried by the user that generate one-time passwords and display them on a non-serious display. Other systems consist of a program that runs on the user's smartphone. Distant systems generate one-time passwords on the server side and send them to the user via an external channel such as sms messaging. Finally, in a number of systems, one-time passwords are printed on paper, then the user must have it with him. In some schemes of mathematical algorithms, the user will be able to provide the server with a static key to set in the form of an encryption key by sending only a one-time password .[2] Generation[edit] Specific otp algorithms vary widely in their details. Various approaches to generating one-time passwords include: - Time synchronization stamps between the authentication server and the consumer providing the password (one-time passwords are only valid for a minimum amount of time) - using a mathematical algorithm to guarantee a new password based on the previous password (otp is essentially a chain and must be applied in a predetermined order).- Using a mathematical algorithm where the new password is based on the challenge (for example, about a transaction) and/or a counter.Time-synchronized[edit] Time-synchronized otp is usually associated with a piece of hardware called a security token (for example, each customer is given a personal token that generates a one-time password). It may look like a humble calculator or an lcd keyring, today it displays a number that changes all the time. Inside the token is an accurate clock, synchronized with the clock on the proprietary authentication server. On systems of your choice, otp time is a necessary part of the password algorithm, since the generation of new passwords is based on the current temporary resource, but not on or plus the previous password or secret key.This token may be a proprietary device, mobile gadgets or a suitable mobile device, proprietary, free or open source software works in fragments. An example of a time-based otp standard is a time-based one-time password (totp). Some applications, such as google authenticator or a password manager, can be used for otp content with a stay-at-home sync. Hash chains[edit] Each new otp sometimes created from past used one-time passwords. An example of such an algorithm, attributed to leslie lamport, uses a one-way function (let's call it f \displaystyle f ). This one-time password system works like this: 1.The initial value s \displaystyle s is selected.2. The hash function f ( s ) \displaystyle f(s) is repeatedly (e.G. 1000 times) applied to the initial value, which provides the value: f ( f ( f ( … f ( s ) … ) ) ) \ displaystyle f (f( f(\ldots f(s)\ldots))) . This value, which we will call f 1000 ( s ) \displaystyle f^1000(s), is stored on the target system.3. A single user login uses the password p \displaystyle p, obtained by applying f \displaystyle f 999 times to the initial value, more precisely f 999 ( s ) \displaystyle f^999(s) . The target system can verify what the correct password is because f ( p ) \displaystyle f(p) is equal to f 1000 ( s ) \displaystyle f^1000(s) , which is undoubtedly the stored value. The stored value is then replaced with p \displaystyle p and the consumer is allowed to log in.4. The next entry must be followed by f 998 ( s ) \displaystyle f^998(s) . In addition, it is verifiable, because hashing yields f 999 ( s ) \displaystyle f^999(s), which is equal to p \displaystyle p , the value saved from the previous opening of the system. Again, the new value replaces p \displaystyle p and the user is authenticated.5. This can be repeated 997 more times, whenever the password f \displaystyle f is applied one less year and is confirmed by checking that, when hashed, it provides the value stored during the previous opening of the system. Hash functions are designed to be extremely difficult to reverse, so an attacker needs to know the seed s \displaystyle s to calculate possible passwords, the moment a computer system can confirm that a password is valid no matter what, by checking that if hashed, it provides the value previously used for login. If an infinite series of passwords is required, a new seed may be chosen after exhausting the set for s \displaystyle s.6. While the server counter only increments after successful otp authentication, the token counter increments whenever the user requests a new password. Because of this, the values of the counters on the site and under the token may not be synchronized. It is recommended that you set the view setting x \displaystyle x on your site, which determines the scale of the viewport forward. And random generation of a password by the user, the server will still authenticate the client, because it will be able to recalculate the next x \displaystyle x values of the otp server and check them against the password received from the customer.[3]to get the next password in a series of previous passwords, one needs to find a way to calculate the inverse function f − 1 \ displaystyle f^-1 . Since f \displaystyle f was chosen to be one-sided, this is quite difficult to do. If f \displaystyle f is a cryptographic hash function, which it usually is, it is said to be computationally unsolvable. An attacker who accidentally sees a one-time password will be able to have access to the main period or login, however, after this period it becomes useless. The s/key one-time password system and its derivative otp are based on the lamport scheme. Request response user. This can be formalized by injecting the value generated by the token into the token itself. To avoid duplication, an additional counter is usually used, in connection with this, if a person receives only the same call twice, all this still leads to different one-time passwords. However, the calculation usually does not contain the previous one-time password, more precisely, either algorithm is used, and not both algorithms. Implementations[edit] Sms[edit] Transmission by text messages is becoming a common technology for delivering one-time passwords.Since text messaging is a ubiquitous contact channel, available directly on almost all smartphones and via text-to-speech on any mobile or landline phone, text messaging has great potential to reach all users at the lowest total cost of delivery. Realize. Otp in text messages can be encrypted using the a5/x standard, which, according to several hacker groups, can be successfully decrypted within minutes or seconds.[4][five or six-7] among other things, security flaws in the protocol ss7 routing is suitable and used to redirect related text messages to attackers; in 2017, several o2 customers in belgium and france were hacked to gain access to their mobile banking accounts. In july 2016, the us national institute of standards and manufacturing practices (nist) released a draft special article with recommendations on authentication methods where sms cannot be used as a method for implementing out-of-band two-factor authentication due to the possibility of intercepting sms. To scale.[8][9][10] text messages are also vulnerable to sim spoofing scams, where an attacker fraudulently transfers the victim's phone number to their own sim card, which you can then use to accept output in messages sent to it. [11][12] Hardware tokens[edit] Securid rsa security are the most examples of a time synchronization type token, along with the hid global token. Solutions. Like other tokens, they can be lost, damaged or stolen; in addition, there is an inconvenience because the batteries run out, especially for tokens without the possibility of recharging or with a non-replaceable battery. A proprietary token variant was proposed by rsa in 2006 as "ubiquitous authentication" where rsa is comfortable working with manufacturers to add physical securid chips to devices such as mobile phones. Recently time, there was a chance to take the electronic components associated with ordinary otp tokens for key fobs and embed rollers in the form factor of a credit card. However, card thicknesses in the range of 0.79 to 0.84 mm prevent the use of standard components or batteries. Special polymer batteries must be used, which have a much shorter life than coin-cell batteries. Semiconductor components should not only be very flat, but also minimize power consumption in a format of hope and cooperation. Yubico offers a small usb token equipped with a chip, it provides otp on click and simulates a keyboard to make it easier to enter a long password.[13] due to the fact that this is a usb device, this avoids the inconvenience associated with replacing the battery. An original version of this technology has been developed that embeds a keyboard in a payment card of a standard size and thickness. The card has an integrated keyboard, display, microprocessor and contactless chip. Software tokens[edit] It is also possible to deliver one-time passwords to smartphones. Directly through some applications, including special authentication mods like authy and google authenticator, or in the current service application, for example, with steam. These systems do not have similar security vulnerabilities as without sms, and in order to use them, you do not need to be connected to a mobile network. In the online banking system of various countries, the bank sends the user a numbered list of one-time passwords, which is printed on paper. Other banks send credit cards with actual one-time passwords hidden by a layer that the visitor must erase to reveal a numbered one-time password. For each online transaction, the gamer can enter a specific otp from the specified list. Some systems request numbered otps sequentially, others pseudo-randomly select an otp to enroll. Security[edit] When properly implemented, otps are no longer generated. Useful to an attacker within a short time after their initial use. This is different from passwords that can remain useful to attackers years later. Otps, like passwords, are vulnerable to social engineering attacks where phishers steal one-time passwords by tricking customers into giving them information. One-time passwords. Like passwords, one-time passwords can be vulnerable to man-in-the-middle ddos, so they need to be transmitted over a secure channel, such as transport layer security. The fact that both passwords and one-time passwords are vulnerable to similar categories of attack has been a key reason for the universal 2nd factor, which is designed to be more resistant to phishing attacks. Otp that do not include clock synchronization or the challenge-response component will clearly have a longer window of vulnerability if compromised before they are used. In late 2005, swedish bank customers were tricked into giving up their pre-provided one-time passwords.[16] in 2006, this type of attack was used against us bank customers.[17] Standardization[edit] Many otp technologies are patented. This makes it difficult to standardize in this area, since any organization tries to promote its individual technology. However, there are standards, such as rfc 1760 (s/key), rfc 2289 (otp), rfc 4226 (hotp), and rfc 6238 (totp). Use[edit] Mobile phone[edit] Mobile phone spontaneously possibly portable authentication token.[18] mobile text messaging is one option for receiving otac through a dedicated phone. Like this, the service provider sends a test notification containing an otac encrypted with a digital certificate to you for authentication. According to the report, mobile text messaging provides a high level of security, in which circumstances it applies a public key infrastructure (pki) to provide bi-directional authentication and non-repudiation according to theoretical analysis.[19] Sms as the otac receiving method is well used in our daily life for purposes such as banking, credit/debit tarot and security.[20][21][22] Telephone[edit]</>There are two ways to use the phone to authenticate the user. In the first way, the service provider shows otac on the monitor of a pc or smartphone, and in the end makes an automatic remote contact to the number, which is now authenticated. The user then enters otac, which is generated on their screen, on the phone's keypad.[23] When using the second method, which is used to authenticate and activate microsoft windows, the user dials a number that is issued by the service provider , and is included in the otac that the telephone system gives to the user.[24] Computer[edit] In the field of computer technology, it is known that the use of a one-time authorization code (otac) via email, in an unimaginably large sense, and the use of a one-time authorization code (otac) via a web application, in a professional sense. - Email is almost a common use of otac. Two major methods are used. In one method, the service provider sends a personalized one-time url to an authenticated email address, for example. @Ucl.Ac.Uk when a buyer clicks on a url, the server authenticates the user.[25] in the second method, the service provider sends a personalized otac (for example, an encrypted token) to an authenticated email address, when the client enters otac in the portal, the server authenticates the user. Generates a unique personal inn (pin), which the user can specify in the desktop client, the desktop client, please note that, uses such a code to authenticate its flaws in the web application. This form of authentication is especially useful in web applications that do not have an internal store of usernames and passwords, but instead rely on saml for authentication. Because saml only works in the browser, the desktop web software client cannot properly overcome saml authentication. Instead, the client application can use a one-time authorization code (otac) to authenticate its body against the web application. In addition, they use the oauth authorization structure when a third-party application needs to get a limited view of the http service. . When the user requests otac, the service provider sends it via regular or registered mail, after which the user is able to use such materials for authentication. For example, in europe, many banks send their otac for internet banking access by mail or registered mail.[27] Extension[edit] Quantum cryptography built based on the principle of uncertainty, one of the best methods for creating otac.[28] Moreover, not only the use of an encrypted code for authentication was discussed and used, but also in addition using a graphical authentication with a one-time pin -an encoding[29], such as a qr code, which offers a decentralized access control method with anonymous authentication.[30][31] See see also[edit] Google authenticatorfreeotpopen authentication initiativekey agreement protocolkypsone-time padcode (cryptography) § one-time codeopie authentication systemotpwpersonal identification numberpublic key infrastructureqr codes/keysecurity tokentime-based one-time password algorithm two-factor authenticationlinks[edit] ^ A b paterson, kenneth g.; Stebila, douglas (2010). Steinfeld, ron; hawkes, philip (ed.). "Key exchange with one time password authentication". Information security and anonymity. Abstract of lectures on informatics. Berlin, heidelberg: springer. 6168:264-281. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14081-5_17. Isbn 978-3-642-14081-5.^ Eotp - static key transfer. Defuse.Ca (july 13, 2012). Retrieved december 21, 2012 ^ ietf tools. Rfc 4226 - section 7.4: counter resynchronization^ barkan, elad; eli biham; nathan keller (2003). "Instant cryptanalysis of encrypted gsm communications with ciphertext only": 600-16. Archived last october 7th. Retrieved october 6 last year. Eli biham; nathan keller. "Instant cryptanalysis of encrypted gsm communications using only ciphertext by barkan and biham of the technion (full version)" (pdf) . ^ Gueneys, tim; timo kasper; martin novotny; christoph paar; andy rupp (2008). "Cryptanalysis with copacobana" (pdf). Ieee transactions on computers. 57(11): 1498-1513. Doi: 10.1109/tc.2008.80. S2cid 8754598.^ Zero, karsten; chris paget (december 27, 2009). Gsm: urgent?. 26th chaos communications congress (26c3). Retrieved december 30, 2009. ^ Fontana, john. "Nist blog clarifies sms obsolescence due to corkscrew in periodicals". Zdnet. Retrieved july 14, 2017. ^ Meyer, david. "Active sms-based login security codes are timed out". Luck. Retrieved july 14, 2017. ^ A b brand, russell (july 10, 2017). "Two-factor authentication is a mess." Edge. Retrieved july 14, 2017. ^ Brand, russell (august 31, 2019). “A frighteningly simple technique that cracked jack dorsey’s twitter account.” Edge. Retrieved january 30, 2020 ^ tims, anna (september 26, 2015). "'Sim swap' gives scammers access to available areas through your device". The keeper. Issn 0261-3077. Retrieved january 30, 2020. ^ "Yubiko ab". Business week bloomberg. Retrieved july 13, 2011. ^ Garun, nutt (june 17, 2017). "How to debug two-factor authentication for all your online accounts." Edge. Retrieved july 14, 2017. ^ Mcvertor, michael (april 15, 2015). "Valve adds two-factor authentication to open native steam app." Polygon. Retrieved september 8, 2015. ^ The register article. Listed article (october 12, 2005). Retrieved december 21, 2012. ^ The washington post security blog. Blog.Washingtonpost.Com. Retrieved december 21, 2012. ^ Wu, m. Garfinkel, s. & Miller, r. (2004). Secure web authentication with mobile phones. Pp. 9–10. ^ Shu, m. Tang, k. & Wang, h. (2009). Mobile authentication scheme using sms. Service science, management and engineering 2009 ssme '09. Iita international conference, pp. 161–164. ^ Axisbank.Com, (nd). Registration of the axis bank mobile application. [Online] available at: http://www.Axisbank.Com/personal/speed-banking/how to add-and-register-java.Aspx [accessed october 28, 2014].^ Master card secure code. (N.D.). [Online] available at: http://www.Ingvysyabank.Com/pdf's/what is mastercard securecode.Pdf [accessed 28 october 2014]. ^ Inc. S. (N.D.). Sms authentication: safenet authentication services. [Online] www2.Safenet-inc.Com. Available at: http://www2.Safenet-inc.Com/sas/sms-tokens.Html [accessed october 28, 2014]. ^ Lloydsbank.Com, (n.D.). Lloyds bank online authentication procedure. [Online] available at: http://www.Lloydsbank.Com/help-guidance/security/authentication-procedure.Asp?Srnum=1 [accessed october 28, 2014].^ Windows.Microsoft.Com , (nd). Activate windows 7. [Online] available at: http://windows.Microsoft.Com/en-us/windows/activate-windows#1tc=windows-7 [accessed october 28, 2014]. ^ Adida, b (2008). Emid: web authentication based on an email address. ^ Hardt, d. (2012). Oauth 2.0 authorization platform.^ Lloydsbank.Com, (nd). Lloyds bank - virtual network - how to register in an online bank. [Online] available at: http://www.Lloydsbank.Com/online-banking/method to-register.Asp [accessed 28 october 2014]. ^ Sobota, m. Kapczy_ski, a. & Banasik, a. (2011). Application of quantum cryptography protocols during authentication. Intelligent data acquisition and advanced computing systems (idaacs), 2011 ieee 6th international conference on, 2, pp. 799-802.^ Jhawar, r. Inglesant, p. Courtois, n. And sasse, m. (2011).Make mine quadruple: strengthening the security of graphical one-time pin authentication. Pp. 81–88. ^ Liao, k. & Li, w. (2010). New client authentication scheme based on qr code. Journal of networks, 4-9), pp. 937–941. ^ Vijayalakshmi, a. & Arunapriya, r. (2014). Authentication of data storage using decentralized output control in the clouds. Journal of global research in computer science, 5(9), p. |
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